charge quantization การใช้

• After all, another theory could come along that would explain charge quantization without need for the monopole.
• Since charge quantization is an experimental certainty, it is clear that the U ( 1 ) gauge group of electromagnetism is compact.
• GUTs lead to compact U ( 1 ) gauge groups, so they explain charge quantization in a way that seems to be logically independent from magnetic monopoles.
• A monopole of this kind, which would help to explain the law of charge quantization as formulated by Paul Dirac in 1931, has never been observed in experiments.
• I don't know anything about magnetic monopoles ruling out photon masses, but it is the sort of strange thing that finding magnetic monopoles would do they also explain charge quantization, which I saw a proof of once but have since forgotten.
• Among the allowed gauge groups, only non-compact "'U "'( 1 ) admits affine representations, and the "'U "'( 1 ) of electromagnetism is experimentally known to be compact, since charge quantization holds to extremely high accuracy.
• However, in the time since the publication of this seminal work, no other widely accepted explanation of charge quantization has appeared . ( The concept of local gauge invariance see gauge theory below provides a natural explanation of charge quantization, without invoking the need for magnetic monopoles; but only if the U ( 1 ) gauge group is compact, in which case we will have magnetic monopoles anyway .)
• However, in the time since the publication of this seminal work, no other widely accepted explanation of charge quantization has appeared . ( The concept of local gauge invariance see gauge theory below provides a natural explanation of charge quantization, without invoking the need for magnetic monopoles; but only if the U ( 1 ) gauge group is compact, in which case we will have magnetic monopoles anyway .)